Flu vaccination for children: contraindications

Flu vaccination - contraindications to vaccination

According to WHO, 300-500 thousand people die from influenza every year. Season 2016/2017 is no exception, and the best way to avoid the consequences and complications after infection with the virus is the flu vaccine, which, with the exception of some contraindications to the vaccine, can be given to all adults and children after 6 months.

WHO recommendations 2016/2017

The flu shot is used for prevention; vaccination itself is not a complete guarantee against the disease. Vaccines increase immunity, protect against severe illness and complications of influenza, but there are also side effects and contraindications to vaccination.

Although viruses are constantly changing, WHO monitors these changes and, based on the data obtained, creates a drug against the suspected epidemic. WHO recommends trivalent and quadrivalent influenza vaccines.

According to the WHO, trivalent influenza vaccinations in 2016/2017, which are used in Russia, must contain the following strains:

• A H1N1, California (2009);
• A H3N2, Hong Kong (2014);
• B, Brisby, (2008).

Vaccines are made using:

• antibiotics – neomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, polymyxin;
• sodium hydrosulfite;
• preservatives thimerosal or formaldehyde;
• stabilizer (sometimes) - gelatin.

The anti-influenza drug may contain residual amounts of chicken egg white. These compounds may be responsible for some of the negative side effects that sometimes occur from the flu shot.

Contraindications

Vaccination has contraindications; vaccinations are not given:

• children under 6 months;
• if you are allergic to the components of the drug;
• pregnant women in the 1st trimester, in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters - on the recommendation of a doctor;
• during exacerbation of chronic diseases;
• up to 2 weeks after an infectious disease.

A contraindication for flu vaccination in children and adults is the development of complications, side effects, or allergies to vaccination after a previous flu vaccination.

Children under 3 years of age should not be vaccinated with a live vaccine; contraindications for flu vaccination in a child of this age include deterioration in health, sleep disturbances, and appetite.

In case of exacerbation of chronic diseases, contraindications to influenza vaccinations are temporary. After the inflammatory phenomena subside and the temperature decreases, vaccination can be carried out after 2 weeks.

Side effects

Although the influenza vaccine is generally well tolerated, there are some side effects associated with its use.

1. There is local irritation on the skin at the injection site. More often - in women, as well as when administering a drug with a high content of H-antigen.
2. If the rules of storage and transportation are violated, the effectiveness of the antiviral vaccine decreases.
3. If the vaccination rules are violated, allergic reactions are possible.
4. Sometimes there is an increase in lymph nodes located near the injection site.

Side effects in children

Systemic side effects appear in children who receive a flu vaccine 6-12 hours after the injection and last from 1 to 2 days. Side effects from the flu shot include high fever, general deterioration of health, and muscle pain. A rise in temperature is more often observed in children from one to 5 years of age.

Sometimes there are cases of insomnia and irritability in children under 3 years of age. Seizures are rarely reported after vaccination.

In extremely rare cases, the following are possible:

• anaphylaxis;
• allergic manifestations - urticaria, Quincke's edema, noisy, wheezing breathing.

Consequences in adults

, a complication in adults in the form of Guillain-Barré syndrome, an autoimmune demyelinating disease, was observed in isolated cases as a consequence of influenza vaccination

With this disease, nerve cells lose part of the myelin sheath, which is manifested by disturbances in neuromuscular transmission and is accompanied by:

• weakness of the muscles of the limbs;
• pain in the back, shoulder, pelvic girdle;
• disorders of the heart and blood vessels - tachycardia, low blood pressure, bradycardia;
• urinary retention.

Studies conducted by WHO during epidemic seasons of other years did not find a similar phenomenon. And, although WHO does not rule out a similar complication after influenza vaccination in adults, it considers the connection between the development of the syndrome and vaccination to have not been reliably proven.

Possible complications from the influenza vaccine in adults include oculorespiratory syndrome, which was reported after the vaccine was administered to adults in Canada in 2000/2001.

Oculorespiratory syndrome is manifested by conjunctivitis, chest tightness, cough, facial swelling, and sore throat. This phenomenon develops within 24 hours after vaccination, lasts for about 2 days and resolves on its own without treatment.

Side effects of live vaccine

The live vaccine is administered intranasally - dripped into the nose. The drug contains viruses that have lost the ability to infect cells and reproduce in them, but retain the ability to stimulate the immune system.

Side effects occur more often with the first flu vaccination; symptoms from the administration of the vaccine appear:

• lacrimation;
• cough;
• nasal congestion, rhinitis;
• temperature.

Rarely, vomiting, muscle and abdominal pain develop during the first vaccination. All symptoms disappear without treatment within 6 days, and do not recur with repeated influenza vaccination.

Complications

Complications after vaccination are:

• neuralgic disorders - pain along the nerve, numbness of the limbs, possible convulsions;
• temporary decrease in the number of platelets in the blood;
• exacerbation of asthma in children;
• development of systemic vasculitis;
• anaphylaxis - with a frequency of 1 case per 500,000 vaccines;
• neurological complications, such as Guillain-Barré syndrome, Bell's palsy - no proven connection with vaccination;

Vaccination in Russia, contraindications

In the Russian Federation, the influenza vaccine is included in the annual vaccination calendar and is mandatory:

• children attending kindergartens;
• schoolchildren;
• students of all types of educational institutions;
• service workers;
• adults over 60 years of age.

Taking into account WHO recommendations in the 2016/2017 season. Influenza vaccines are used in the Russian Federation:

• whole virion, inactivated – Grippovac;
• inactivated, split - Fluarix, Vaxigrip, Begrivak;
• inactivated virosomal - Inflexal;
• inactivated subunit - Influvac, Aggripal S1;
• inactivated polymer subunit (includes polyoxidonium) – Grippol, Grippol plus;
• live vaccine.

Who should not receive the live influenza vaccine?:

• if you are allergic to chicken egg whites;
• pregnant women;
• children under 3 years old;
• with a runny nose;
• in the case of a recent acute respiratory infection suffered less than 2 weeks ago;
• decreased reactivity of the immune system;
• oncological diseases.

Contraindications for influenza vaccination with subunit, split, virosomal vaccines include, in addition to those listed, an allergy to polymyxin, aminoglycoside antibiotics.

For whole-virion vaccines, the following contraindications are added::

• systemic connective tissue diseases;
• degenerative acquired and congenital diseases of nervous tissue;
• pathologies of the adrenal glands.

How you feel after vaccination

The administration of any influenza vaccine may be accompanied by changes in well-being, which are a physiological reaction of the body.

Can a child develop a fever from a flu shot? What other symptoms might there be after vaccination?

Changes in condition after a flu shot may include malaise, fever, soreness, redness, and swelling at the injection site.

Deterioration in health after vaccination is a temporary phenomenon. You can reduce the physiological effects of the flu shot and the severity of the symptoms of side effects of the vaccine in children with the help of paracetamol, ibuprofen for fever, butadione ointment for irritation and hardening at the injection site.

What are the possible complications after immunization, symptoms and side effects from the 2016/2017 flu shot?

In case of complications from a flu shot, when children develop swelling or an allergic reaction at the injection site, they should immediately contact the vaccination center for advice.

• The influenza vaccine is intended to prevent influenza and does not in any way protect the body from the action of respiratory viruses or airborne bacterial infections.
• And if after a flu shot a child has a runny nose and the injection site hurts, then in the first case this is just a coincidence in time, and in the second it is a natural physiological consequence of the vaccine, which resolves on its own in children within 1-2 days.

What could be the long-term consequences of vaccination, what symptoms should I pay attention to after a flu shot?

Long-term side effects can occur after a flu shot only if the instructions for using the influenza vaccine are not followed, or when vaccination is carried out even in the case of contraindications.

The flu shot itself does not cause diarrhea, it does not cause severe weakness, runny nose or cough.

Such symptoms are explained by a coincidence in time, as well as by the fact that, although the vaccine is recommended to be administered in August - November, the majority of the population is vaccinated in November, during the ARVI epidemic.

A runny nose after administration of a vaccine is not the body’s reaction to a flu shot, but a sign of infection with a respiratory infection, and this is observed in both adults and children.

It should be noted that after the administration of the influenza vaccine, neither children nor adults are contagious. And in order to protect yourself and your child from a possible allergic reaction, you need to get vaccinated in medical institutions and be under the supervision of a doctor for 30 minutes after vaccination.

Continuing this topic, find out what you can and can’t do after getting a flu shot, and whether you can get it wet in our article Can you get a flu shot wet?

Source: https://loramed.ru/bolezni/gripp/privivka-ot-grippa-protivopokazaniya.html

Possible complications after vaccination against ARVI

Children are vaccinated with inactivated (killed) vaccines: the viral particles in them are destroyed by heat treatment. However, the vaccine cannot cause ARVI. And the child will develop a fairly strong immunity against the virus contained in it, especially with a second injection.

Post-vaccination complications include:

• numbness of hands and feet;
• muscle spasms and cramps;
• neuralgia and thrombocytopenia;
• acute respiratory viral diseases, but not influenza;
• systemic vasculitis and lymphadenitis;
• disturbances in the functioning of the cardiovascular and nervous systems;
• severe allergic reactions, including anaphylactic shock.

Compared to vaccination with live viruses, killed ones, although less productive, are safer. And complications and side effects of flu vaccinations in children are most often caused by non-compliance with the rules of manipulation.

Should you get a flu shot - side effects?

Influenza vaccine – inactivated . This means that it contains “dead” viruses.

Constantly occurring mutations of the influenza virus require systematic updating of drugs that protect the body. The flu vaccine can be used as early as 6 months of age .

Local resistance to the virus appears 4-9 days after vaccination, and complete, systemic resistance - after 10-15 days.

Effectiveness of flu shots

The effectiveness of the influenza vaccine is determined by the time of inoculation . It is better to introduce it in the autumn-winter period (around September), i.e. before the start of the flu season.

Age also matters - effectiveness is less in children under 2 years of age and people over 65 years of age and people with poor health. Resistance to the virus increases with every year of vaccination.

The set of viruses contained in the preparation is of great importance.

Several vaccines for children and adults are available by prescription in pharmacies and are valid for one season.

Side effects of the flu vaccine

In most cases, the flu vaccine is well tolerated and does not cause serious problems.

People who are given the drug may complain of flu-like symptoms, that is, weakness, fever and muscle pain. There may be soreness at the injection site.

Manifestations of the disease develop within 48 hours after vaccination and persist for up to 3 days. They disappear on their own and do not require special treatment.

Some experts report that flu shots can cause: facial swelling, decreased immunity, problems with concentration, sleep and digestion, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, neuropathy, paralysis, diarrhea, abdominal pain and vomiting.

Flu vaccination - contraindications

The influenza vaccine should not be given to people:

• flu patients
• up to 6 months of life
• with a severe allergic reaction to chicken egg white (shortness of breath, sudden collapse, fainting, swelling of the lips and tongue, acute urticaria)
• with hypersensitivity to any component of the vaccine
• with severe symptoms after prior vaccination
• who have experienced side effects after receiving the vaccine, especially those that are not limited to the vaccination site
• with acute febrile illnesses
• with Guillain-Barré syndrome diagnosed within 6 weeks of previous influenza vaccination

Who needs the flu vaccine?

Influenza vaccination is recommended for people susceptible to infection. This is especially true for occupational groups that work in large crowds of people, i.e. healthcare workers (mainly medical personnel), education, trade or transport.

Vaccination against influenza is recommended for residents of social care homes, nursing homes, assisted living facilities, as well as the disabled, chronically ill and elderly.

Influenza prevention is necessary for persons in residential care, nursing homes, palliative care, hospices, drug addiction treatment, long-term rehabilitation, psychiatric care, and spa treatment.

People over 55 years of age, children aged 6 months to 18 years (especially those who are often sick, stay in the hospital, attend nurseries and kindergartens), pregnant women and those planning pregnancy should be vaccinated against the flu.

The target group of influenza vaccination is people who are at high risk of developing dangerous complications , that is:

• chronically ill with respiratory diseases (especially bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and hematopoietic system, heart
• Constantly taking acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)
• with immunodeficiencies (including persons after organ or tissue transplantation)
• fighting diseases, metabolic disorders, especially diabetes
• with neurological diseases that impair breathing and swallowing
• with renal failure, recurrent nephrotic syndrome or liver disease

Flu vaccine dosage

The flu vaccine is given as an intramuscular or subcutaneous injection. Adults and children over 3 years of age receive 0.5 ml of the drug. Children under 3 years old are given half, i.e. 0.25 ml. If the vaccination is given for the first time, it is necessary to administer two doses of the vaccine at an interval of a month, and in subsequent years only one.

Source: https://sekretizdorovya.ru/blog/posle_privivki_ot_grippa/2018-12-27-646

Vaccination for children under 3 years of age

Young parents are not always familiar with the nuances of vaccination and therefore are interested in whether the flu vaccine is allowed for children under 3 years of age?

In principle, it is allowed to vaccinate a child from the age of six months . Vaccination begins in mid-autumn or early winter with the expectation that the baby will have a couple of weeks left to strengthen the immune system.

If the child got sick before vaccination, it is necessary to wait until he recovers and only then vaccinate. As soon as the temperature has returned to normal (even if the runny nose and cough still remain), you can vaccinate.

Children under 3 years old are given 0.25 milliliters. For those older - 0.5 milliliters.

As already indicated, the first vaccine is given twice: the second vaccination a month after the first. Why is that? The fact is that a single dose is initially not enough to form immunity.

As a rule, we are talking about intramuscular vaccinations, which are given in the shoulder and also in the thigh. If it is necessary to vaccinate a child against other infections, this can be done simultaneously with the procedure described. Incompatibility is observed only with the vaccine that prevents yellow fever and BLC.

Contraindications to the flu vaccine for adults

There are different types of flu vaccines:

Like any other vaccine, the flu shot can have side effects. Different organisms perceive vaccination in their own way. The most common negative manifestations of vaccination are the following:

The patient forgets about most side effects a couple of days after vaccination. And in order to avoid more serious and complex consequences, before vaccination you should definitely read the list of contraindications.

Who is the flu vaccine contraindicated for?

Despite the many benefits, the flu vaccine may be contraindicated for some patients. It is recommended to look for an alternative method of protection against the disease in the following cases:

As you can see, there are many contraindications to the flu vaccine for adults. Therefore, in order for vaccination to really benefit, you must consult with specialists before the procedure and be understanding about their detailed questions about your state of health and previous diseases.

We must not forget that the vaccine is still not a panacea. To completely protect yourself from the flu, you need to lead a healthy lifestyle and replenish your diet with nutritious foods, fruits and vegetables during the epidemic.

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WHO recommendations/yy

Although viruses are constantly changing, WHO monitors these changes and, based on the data obtained, creates a drug against the suspected epidemic. WHO recommends trivalent and quadrivalent influenza vaccines.

According to the WHO, trivalent influenza vaccinations used in Russia must contain the following strains:

Vaccines are made using:

• antibiotics – neomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, polymyxin;
• sodium hydrosulfite;
• preservatives thimerosal or formaldehyde;
• stabilizer (sometimes) - gelatin.

The anti-influenza drug may contain residual amounts of chicken egg white. These compounds may be responsible for some of the negative side effects that sometimes occur from the flu shot.

What does #171;Kameton#187; spray help with?

Kameton spray is a popular drug that has antiseptic properties and is used to treat inflammatory processes.

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Vaccinations for pregnant women

An equally important question is immunoprophylaxis during pregnancy, that is: is this condition, in which most female representatives experience from time to time, one of the contraindications to flu vaccination?

Much in this case is determined by the recommendations of the doctor, who, in turn, relies on:

• individual characteristics of the patient;
• her state of health;
• the presence or absence of difficulties when carrying a child, and so on.

It is better for pregnant women to get vaccinated in the third trimester

In general, such preventive procedures are traditionally allowed for pregnant women no earlier than the third trimester begins (when the fetus has already formed). This minimizes possible risks for both the young mother and the unborn child.

We also recommend: Pros and cons of flu vaccinations

Myths about flu vaccination

Let's look at the most common myths about influenza vaccinations:

• "The vaccine is ineffective." Indeed, no vaccination gives an absolute guarantee that a person will not get the flu or other acute respiratory viral infections, but the course of this disease will be milder if there are protective antibodies in the body.
• “Deafness may develop after vaccination.” Modern inactivated influenza vaccines extremely rarely cause complications, but otitis media and, as a result, hearing problems after influenza are not at all uncommon.
• “Flu vaccines place too much and completely unnecessary stress on a child’s immune system.” Every day, every child walking on the street, visiting crowded places, communicating with peers, encounters a mass of viruses and bacteria, and they all stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies, that is, they “load” it. Such “training” is very beneficial for the immune system, and vaccines simply direct them in the right direction.

To summarize, it is worth emphasizing once again that the effectiveness and safety of flu vaccinations, which every person has the right to be for and against, is not a myth, but a fact confirmed by science.

To really evaluate all the pros and cons and decide whether you should get a flu vaccine, we recommend watching this video and familiarizing yourself with 2 diametrically opposed opinions of experts:

Zubkova Olga Sergeevna, medical observer, epidemiologist

16, total, today

( 50 votes, average: 4.40 out of 5)

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Side effects

Side effects from the flu shot in adults are not common. If adverse reactions occurred everywhere, people would have abandoned this method of prevention long ago.

The likely harm from side effects is several times lower than the probability of contracting the flu and suffering from serious complications that develop later.

Every year, more than 10 million vaccines are administered worldwide, but no more than twenty deaths due to this cause are recorded. While the death rate caused by the virus exceeds 3 million.

However, the vaccine may well cause the development of adverse reactions, and the person who decides to get vaccinated must be prepared for this. Most often, adverse reactions occur in children, the elderly, and also during the installation of live vaccine injections. Inactivated compounds are safer than live ones. Whole-virion substances produce more reactions than subunit or split vaccines.

Side effects are more likely to occur if a person is examined before the procedure by a doctor who is not sufficiently qualified. Or the medical personnel who give injections do not have sufficient experience in this matter. For example, vaccination in the thigh is indicated for children, in contrast to adults, who are vaccinated in the forearm. This is necessary in order to reduce the likelihood of developing allergies.

Side effects:

• redness of the skin;
• pain and swelling of the skin at the injection site (often develops in females or in the presence of hemagglutin in the composition);
• skin rashes with signs of urticaria;
• development of asthma;
• Quincke's edema;
• anaphylactic shock.

The last three reactions are very rare. People who have a high tendency to develop allergies must undergo mandatory preparation for vaccination.

To avoid tragic developments, a person must stay in the hospital department for at least half an hour after receiving the injection. This is necessary to timely monitor the development of possible negative reactions and provide (if necessary) quick and qualified assistance.

After vaccination, body temperature may increase. This symptom is not dangerous; it indicates the beginning of the body’s response to viruses that have penetrated it, and the active creation of immunity against influenza.

Some people report the following reactions:

• severe fatigue;
• the appearance of a runny nose;
• development of pharyngitis;
• headache;
• malaise;
• increased drowsiness;
• muscle and joint pain;
• increased size of lymph nodes;
• disorders of the digestive tract;
• decreased platelet count in blood serum;
• decrease in blood pressure readings.

The question of the likelihood of developing adverse reactions worries many people (especially parents) who have decided to get vaccinated. In addition, people are worried that vaccination may trigger the development of influenza. When a person is given an inactivated composition, the disease cannot develop. This substance does not contain live viruses, and therefore cannot provoke the flu.