Antibiotics for pneumonia in adults in tablets

Experts classify pneumonia as a dangerous pathology of the respiratory system. Inflammation of the lungs causes disruptions in oxygen metabolism in the body's cells, and pneumonia can provoke sepsis, as well as similar life-threatening conditions.

The etiology of the disease is exposure to pathogenic microbes; it is important to know the list of effective medications for treatment.

Rules for prescribing antibiotics

Similar to the use of other medicines, antibiotic therapy for coronavirus infection should be carried out according to the rules:

1. Combination of several medications (up to 3 items) for pneumonia.
2. First-line antibiotics (prescribed before the pathogen was identified) require regular use. This will ensure support of the active substance in the blood.
3. After completing the research, you can begin a course of IV generation medications.
4. The presence of symptoms of atypical pneumonia, infection with bacteria such as chlamydia, mycoplasma, and legionella requires the use of antibiotics.
5. At a complex stage of pneumonia, in addition to medications, oxygen inhalation and other similar procedures are used.
6. Treatment of pneumonia with antibiotics involves their intramuscular administration or oral administration (most of the new generation of medications are produced in tablet form).
7. Certain antibiotics for pneumonia in children may be prescribed by a doctor if the child has a bacterial infection.

To combat pneumonia, the use of folk remedies is allowed, but only after the main treatment. In addition, it is important to accurately monitor the patient’s condition and control the likelihood of allergies.

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Types of antibiotics for the treatment of respiratory inflammation

Modern means are used to treat infection of lung tissue. They differ from previously used drugs in a minimal set of side effects, the possibility of use in any dosage, and the almost complete absence of negative effects on other organs. Here is a list of the best medications.

• Cefotaxime is prescribed in the absence of contraindications to macrolides and in cases where the sensitivity of microorganisms is established. Cefotaxime is effective for pneumonia when the provocateurs are enterobacteria, streptococci, and pneumococci.
• Erythromycin is effective against Haemophilus influenzae, Legionella, Mycoplasma, and Chlamydia.
• Moxifloxacin has a strong effect on pneumococci.
• Flemoclav - prescribed when the sensitivity of dangerous bacteria is established. Indicated for mild forms, pneumococci, Haemophilus influenzae.
• Meropenem is indicated for use by patients in whom the causative agent of the disease has become resistant to cephalosporin microbes. Prescribed for complex forms of the disease.
• Aztreonam is similar in action to cephalosporins and penicillins. It has a strong effect on gram-negative microorganisms.
• Ciprofloxacin has antibacterial properties - it eliminates pathogenic flora, thereby eliminating foci of inflammation and contributing to the attenuation of the disease. Available in injection ampoules and tablets. Ciprofloxacin for pneumonia in children and adults is well absorbed. It begins to act half an hour after entering the body.

Attention! It is extremely important to pay attention to the compatibility of specific medications. You should not immediately consume foods from one group.

Cephalosporins

This group includes drugs: Cefazolin, Cefuroxime, Cefotaxime, Cefepime.

The drugs are used if pneumonia develops with a small percentage of lung damage caused by gram-negative bacteria. Resistant to beta-lactamases. They have no effect on E. coli. Prescribed in case of contraindications for the use of macrolides.

Antibiotics for pneumonia

Given the acute course of the disease, broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs are prescribed without waiting for laboratory tests. Doctors distinguish three degrees of severity of pneumonia. At the mildest stage, intoxication of the body occurs (mild), the patient’s body temperature does not exceed 38°C, the heart beats in a normal rhythm. The patient remains conscious, and X-ray examination reveals a small focus of inflammation localized in the upper lobe of the lung.

In the severe stage, the body temperature immediately increases to 39°C, tachycardia (moderate), intoxication is observed, infiltration is clearly visible on the X-ray. The most severe degree of pneumonia (pleuropneumonia) is characterized by a body temperature of 40°C, the patient is delirious, suffers from shortness of breath, and intoxication is pronounced. Antibiotics are prescribed for pneumonia, taking into account the following factors:

• stage and severity of the disease;
• drug toxicity;
• contraindications;
• possible manifestation of allergies;
• antibiotic action spectrum;
• the speed of penetration of the drug into the body;
• the rate of development of bacterial resistance to this drug.

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Penicillins

The first antibacterial drugs that quickly penetrate tissues and fluids, so they are used for congestive pneumonia. If the causative agent of inflammation is staphylococci or streptococci, then treatment with drugs of this type is effective. When pathology occurs for another reason, other antibiotics are prescribed. Penicillins are administered orally (tablets, suspensions) and through injections (injections). Penicillins include:

• Amoxicillin;
• Mesocillin;
• Flemoxin.

Tetracyclines

A group of drugs used in the treatment of pneumonia is becoming increasingly rare. Their instability to the action of microorganisms and the ability to accumulate in tissues is the reason. Tetracyclines have many contraindications: pregnancy, lactation, age under 7 years, kidney disease. Known representatives of this group of antibiotics:

• Tetracycline;
• Doxycycline.

Cephalosporins

They actively act on all bacteria of the cocci group, have excellent antibacterial properties against gram-negative and gram-positive flora, and have an effect on microorganisms that are resistant to drugs of the penicillin group. Adverse reactions include allergies. The intravenous or intramuscular method of administering the drug is used. Antibiotics in this group include the following drugs:

• Ceftriaxone;
• Cefonicide;
• Ceftizoxime.

Macrolides

This group of antibiotics for pneumonia is used to neutralize chlamydia, legionella, and cocci. Macrolides are well absorbed, but food intake can slow down the process. Side effects and allergic manifestations are extremely rare. Contraindications include liver disease in patients. Representatives of this category of drugs:

• Sumamed;
• Erythromycin;
• Clarithromycin.

Aminoglycosides

Act on gram-negative aerobic microorganisms. They are used when pneumonia is caused by several types of bacteria, so therapy is prescribed along with antibacterial or antiviral drugs. For example, the effect of the antibiotic Amikacin in atypical pneumonia will be enhanced by the antibacterial Metronidazole. When coadministered, the glomerular filtration rate in the kidneys (excretory capacity) should be monitored. Representatives of the group are:

• Gentamicin;
• Izepamycin;
• Neomycin.

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Fluoroquinols

Medicines actively affect E. coli and Legionella. Today, fluoroquinols occupy one of the leading positions in the treatment of bacterial pneumonia. These are broad-spectrum drugs with the ability to penetrate deeply into tissues. Resistance of microorganisms to fluoroquinols rarely develops due to structural changes in DNA and permeability of the bacterial wall. Known antibiotics of this group:

• Ofloxacin;
• Pefloxacin;
• Cifroploxacin.

Semi-synthetic penicillins

These include the following drugs: Oxacillin, Amoxicillin, Ticarcilin, Azlocillin.

Drugs can be prescribed for pneumonia caused by coronavirus infection. They are capable of having a bactericidal effect and can suppress the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria in the body. An acceptable dosage of drugs is prescribed by the attending physician.

Fluoroquinolones

These drugs are: Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Levofloxacin.

They are prescribed at the very beginning of therapy because they have broad indications for use. May have a bactericidal effect. The basic dosage is varied by the doctor and depends entirely on the severity of the pneumonia. But these antibiotics are very rarely prescribed for the treatment of the respiratory tract.

Macrolides

Antibacterial agents of the macrolide group have achieved success in the treatment of pneumonia. Relatively recently, they were considered ineffective. This was due to the lack of awareness of specialists in their correct use.

Some doctors did not adhere to the gradation plan during therapy. For this reason, microbes began to develop resistance. However, the defect was later corrected. Today, treatment of pneumonia with antibiotics in adults brings excellent results. The drugs fight chlamydia, cocci and legionella.

Gained great popularity:

• Clarithromycin;
• Azithromycin;
• Spiramycin;
• Midecamycin;
• Sumamed.

Thanks to such medications, the disease can be treated quite quickly. They are characterized by rapid absorption into the cells of the body. The only slight hindrance to the process is food intake. Allergy to macrolides is extremely rare. Doctors do not recommend their use to patients with liver problems.

How to choose an antibiotic?

The main symptoms of pneumonia are high fever, cough with yellow or brown sputum, shortness of breath, and general malaise. The doctor listens to the patient’s lungs and, if an inflammatory process is suspected, sends him for x-rays and relevant tests. Depending on their results and the characteristics of the patient’s body, therapy is prescribed. As first aid, antibiotics are prescribed experimentally (the so-called first-line medications), so the patient should undergo all tests as quickly as possible, in particular, take a sputum test, which will determine the causative agent of the disease. In approximately 60% of cases, pneumonia is caused by microorganisms called pneumococci, but in addition, the following agents can trigger the disease:

• streptococci;
• staphylococci;
• hemophilus influenzae;
• chlamydia;
• mycoplasma;
• legionella;
• enterobacteria;
• Klebsiella;
• Escherichia;
• fungi of the genus Candida.

What is pneumonia

Each of the above types of bacteria has sensitivity to a certain substance, that is, for maximum effectiveness of therapy, it is very important to determine the root cause of the disease. On average, treatment lasts from 7 to 10 days, depending on the age and condition of the person, as well as the characteristics of the course of the disease. Taking antibiotics on your own is strictly not recommended, as they not only will not give the desired effect, but can also cause serious harm to the body.

Fluoroquinols

Antibiotics of the fluoroquinol group become indispensable when allergies occur to all other medications. There are three following generations of such drugs:

1. They are most effective against infection with legionella or E. coli. Weak effect on cocci and chlamydia. Recommended for mild types of pneumonia.
2. Helps treat pneumococcal pneumonia in adult patients.
3. Eleflox and Tigeron perfectly eliminate anaerobic microbes.

Medicines of this group are absorbed into the cells of the body in a short period. Indications for their use include the period of pregnancy and personal intolerance.

Principles of antibacterial therapy

Antibiotic therapy is prescribed for severe symptoms, and based on diagnostic results confirming pneumonia:

• High levels of ESR and leukocytes in a clinical blood test.
• A characteristic disturbance of percussion sound during percussion (tapping).
• Increased bronchophony, wheezing, heavy breathing detected by auscultation (listening with a stethoscope).
• Pathological change in the pulmonary pattern on a radiograph.

Treatment begins with broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs. If there is no positive dynamics after 2-3 days, bacteriological culture of sputum is performed. The analysis determines the causative agent of the infection and its resistance to different groups of antibiotics.

Pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms that penetrate the lungs:

A separate category consists of pneumomycosis - inflammatory processes caused by Aspergillus, Candida, and dimorphic fungi.

Antibiotics in tablets for the treatment of pneumonia in adults are effective against the bacterial, parasitic, prokaryotic nature of the pathogen, as well as against mixed infections (bacterial-viral, bacterial-fungal, etc.).

General contraindications

Antibiotic therapy is not carried out:

• Patients with chronic decompensated pathologies of the liver and renal apparatus.
• Women during the perinatal and lactation period.
• Allergy sufferers with hypersensitivity to active substances.

Each pharmacological group is accompanied by additional contraindications.

Choice of antimicrobial agent

The therapeutic regimen is developed based on the clinical characteristics of pneumonia:

• Type of pathogen (etiology).
• Community-acquired and hospital-acquired (nosocomial) origin (epidemiology).
• Primary, secondary, aspiration, post-traumatic development.
• Unilateral, bilateral, total damage to the lung tissue.
• The severity of the disease.

In extremely severe and complicated cases, injection antibiotic therapy is used.

The final choice of drug depends on the results of the antibiogram, the clinical picture, and the personal characteristics of the patient, taking into account:

• Contraindications. Antibiotics are prohibited during pregnancy, lactation, liver and kidney pathologies in the stage of decompensation.
• Sensitization. Potent substances may cause an allergic reaction.
• Premorbid background (state of health before illness). Interactions with medications taken are considered;
• Age category. Elderly patients require dose adjustment.

The duration of use and dosage of tablets are determined by a therapist or pulmonologist. The treatment course varies from 3 to 14 days. According to indications, treatment can be extended or supplemented with a drug from another pharmacological group. The synergistic effect of two antibiotics is used in the development of complications.

Tetracyclines

Treatment of pneumonia in adults begins with the use of tetracycline-type medications and is carried out until the causative agent is identified. This is especially important when the disease progresses and there is no time to wait for test results. The doctor may prescribe such medications if chlamydia and mycoplasma are present.

Recently, there has been a decrease in the effectiveness of tetracyclines compared to antibiotics of other groups. This is explained by the development of immunity to them by microbes.

A significant disadvantage of this antibacterial agent for inflammation of lung tissue is the ability to accumulate in bone and other tissues of the body. This provokes slow intoxication. As a result, over time, teeth can succumb to destruction. Therefore, the use of such medications is contraindicated for children, pregnant and breastfeeding women, and also for patients with impaired renal function.

Tetracycline and Doxycycline are in high demand among drugs in this category.

What antibiotics are used for pneumonia?

As mentioned above, antibiotics for pneumonia are initially prescribed from the general spectrum or, as they are called, first line, and after receiving all the necessary examination results, the last generation. The variety of drugs available today allows you to choose the appropriate medication for each individual case. This choice is influenced by many factors: from the age of the patient and his individual characteristics of the body to the nature of the manifestation of the disease and the source of its occurrence.

Antibiotics for pneumonia in adults

The choice of groups of antibiotics for pneumonia is determined taking into account the individual characteristics of the body.
There are several main groups of antibiotics for pneumonia in adults. The choice of a drug of one group or another is made by a doctor:

• Amoxicillin. Medicines: Amoxicillin, Flemoxin Solutab, Ospamox. Used for uncomplicated variants of the disease. The course usually lasts at least 10-12 days. These drugs are powerless against bacteria that produce beta-lactamase;
• Amoxicillin in combination with clavulanic acid. Medicines: Amoxiclav, Augmentin. This group contains low-toxic antibiotics that can resist the destructive effects of beta-lactamase. This property ensures the presence of clavulanic acid in them;
• Macrolides. Drugs: Erythromycin, Azithromycin, Sumamed, Macropen. They are a good replacement for the penicillin series. Particularly effective for the manifestation of atypical pneumonia caused by the bacteria chlamydia, mycoplasma, and legionella. They are also characterized by low toxicity;
• Cephalospirins. Drugs: Cephabol, Ceftriaxone, Cefizolin, Suprax. This list of medications is used for pneumonia caused by streptococci, pneumococci or enterobacteria. But Clessibela and E. coli have good resistance to them;
• Fluoroquinolones. Drugs: Levofloxacin, Sparfloxacin. These medications have a strong effect on pneumococci.

Since in the treatment of pneumonia, in some cases, several antibiotics may be prescribed at once, it is important to monitor their compatibility.

Antibiotics for pneumonia in children

Antibiotics for pneumonia for children should also be started as soon as the disease is diagnosed. Despite the fact that it is desirable for a child’s body not to come into frequent contact with antibiotics, in this case there is no alternative. But the acceptable list of drugs is shorter than for adults.

For children, antibiotics for pneumonia are prescribed immediately after diagnosis.

Children are usually prescribed natural and synthetic penicillin antibiotics. Among them are drugs such as Augmentin, Amoxiclav, Ampicillin, Flemoxin Solutab, Cefix. All of them are allowed for use in children due to their low toxicity. The dosage in this case is determined taking into account the child’s body weight, and the method of administration is determined by the patient’s age and the severity of the disease. Treatment is often prescribed with intramuscular injections of anti-inflammatory antibiotics, and as soon as positive dynamics appear, the injections are replaced with tablets.

Risk factors

Competent treatment of pneumonia in adults with antibiotics should take into account the following risk factors:

• Use medications only for serious infections that threaten human life.
• Only a doctor should prescribe medications. Self-medication can lead to the elimination of symptoms and turn the disease into a chronic pathology.
• Do not violate medical dosage instructions. Excessive doses of antibiotics cause damage to the kidneys and liver. Reducing the dosage drives the infection deeper into the body and promotes the formation of new strains of bacteria.
• It is imperative that the prescribed course of treatment be completed. Even if the patient feels better, you need to continue taking the medicine, otherwise the disease will return, but this antibiotic will no longer bring results, since the microbes have developed resistance to it.

Because antibiotics are indiscriminate, destroying pathogenic microorganisms, they kill bacteria, after a course of therapy it is necessary to restore the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract. This will help avoid the development of dysbiosis.

How are antibiotics taken for pneumonia?

Antibiotics are powerful medications. It is prohibited to use them uncontrollably, otherwise irreparable harm will be caused to health. If antibiotic tablets have been prescribed, then these recommendations should be followed when taking them.

• It is important to follow the doctor's advice and instructions. Some medications can be taken only after meals, others - during meals.
• There should be an equal period of time between doses. The effectiveness of therapy largely depends on this.
• The dosage must not be violated, otherwise stability of the irritant may occur.
• It is forbidden to interrupt the course. It is important to take the pills for as many days as prescribed by the specialist.
• The tablets should be taken with plain water without gases. Milk, tea and other drinks are not suitable.

Antibiotics for pneumonia in adults and children can be administered intramuscularly. This method of taking medications is the most effective. This is due to the fact that the active substance is absorbed into the blood faster and has the desired effect.

You need to inject antibiotics correctly. Here you need to listen to these recommendations.

• The medicinal powder must be diluted immediately before the injection. For this purpose, only sterile water can be used.
• Before the injection, a skin test is indicated: a scratch is made on the inside of the forearm, onto which the medicine is applied. If after 10-15 minutes the skin does not change color and does not begin to itch, you can give an injection.
• The medicine can only be administered using a sterile syringe. The injection site must be treated with an antiseptic.

Attention! If the doctor has prescribed intravenous infusions, a medical professional should be invited to perform the procedure.

By following the rules listed above, you will be able to reduce side effects. This will also help reduce toxic effects.

Contraindications

To treat pneumonia, it is necessary to use antibacterial medications. Taking medications can have a negative impact on a person. Each group has its own contraindications, but the list includes:

• liver dysfunction;
• kidney pathologies;
• tendency to allergies;
• pregnancy;
• childhood.

In such situations, the doctor carefully selects the drug, taking into account the patient’s health and research indicators. Taking medications is accompanied by side effects. Dizziness, skin rash, diarrhea, swelling, panic attacks occur.